doi:10.1203/00006450-199908000-00014, Christ-Crain, M., Hoorn, E. J., Sherlock, M., Thompson, C. J., and Wass, J. Glucocorticoids were shown to have the ability of inducing de novo synthesis of ENaC (Chow et al., 1999; Otulakowski et al., 1999; Sayegh et al., 1999) and affecting ENaC regulatory pathway via serum and glucocorticoids-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) (Chen et al., 1999; de la Rosa et al., 1999; Itani et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). The Liu Shen capsule, of which pharmacodynamic component is also toad venom, was shown to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, as it can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, reduce inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA levels and suppress the NF-B signaling pathway to downregulate the expression of cytokines (Ma et al., 2020a). Am. Am. (2020). -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. Sci. Dis. However, it is still unclear how the vaccination will proceed and how fast can vaccinations be done. COVID-19 patients often have pathological features such as pulmonary interstitial or alveolar edema, diffuse tracheal phlegm thrombus and pulmonary inflammatory lymphoid infiltration, and are prone to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing lung injury (Cutts et al., 2017). eCollection 2023. Drugs targeting at least some of these proteins have already existed and could be repurposed to manage pulmonary edema seen in SARS-COV-2 infections. Invest. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19: Explained by Bradykinin?. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x, Yan, H., Valdes, A. M., Vijay, A., Wang, S., Liang, L., Yang, S., et al. Pflugers Arch. Pharmacol. Immunol. 2021 Jun 7;12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. (2020). Virus. (2020d). Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., and Prescott, H. C. (2020). COVID Vaccine Side Effects | Johns Hopkins Medicine Sci. J. Biol. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 388 (4), 421436. 12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. Med. (2020b). Science 367 (6483), 12601263. 54 (3), 678811. COVID-19 Treatment and Diagnosis Guideline (7th version, trial) [Online]. (2016). IFN will continually induce inflammatory cytokines released by alveolar macrophages, promoting the activation of T cells and forming a positive feedback loop that drives persistent alveolar inflammation (Grant et al., 2021). Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. The latest research revealed that alveolar macrophages, which normally play a protective role, may also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and release T cell chemokines, resulting large amounts of T cells gathering in lung and generating IFN. (2020). Am. Myocarditis, Pulmonary Hemorrhage, and Extensive Myositis with Amiloride. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. Pharmacol. Prc, N. H. C. o. t. (2020). Theaflavin from black tea was found to present a lower binding energy when it docks in the catalytic pocket of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2514, Chow, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Plumb, J., O'Brodovich, H., and Hu, J. Rep. 72 (6), 15091516. Biophys. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 40 (21), 42454250. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
