The paternal lineages of Roma are most common in southern and central India among Dravidian-speaking populations. Some Romanies use Rom or Roma as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-ascription for the entire ethnic group. In regards to verb morphology, Romani follows exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as Kashmiri and Shina through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers, lending credence to the theory of their Central Indian origin and a subsequent migration to northwestern India. Roma (Gypsies) originated in the Punjab region of northern India as a nomadic people and entered Europe between the eighth and tenth centuries C.E. [175][176] This belief appears to be derived from verses in the Biblical Book of Ezekiel (29: 6 and 1213) which refer to the Egyptians being scattered among the nations by an angry God. Less than 1% of the population did not declare any ethnicity. [305][306] The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda. Many Romani also settled in South America. Turned away at caravan parks, treated as shirkers or swindlers, even as a fairytale. Most of the Ciganos of Portugal, the Gitanos of Spain, the Romanichal of the UK, and Scandinavian Travellers have lost their knowledge of pure Romani, and speak the mixed languages Cal,[247] Angloromany, and Scandoromani, respectively. One of them. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 Roma people were murdered during the Holocaustan event they call the Porajmos (the "Devouring.") [123] They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago[122] and then spread throughout Europe. In this case rr is used to represent the phoneme // (also written as and rh), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single r. The rr spelling is common in certain institutions (such as the INALCO Institute in Paris), or used in certain countries, e.g., Romania, to distinguish from the endonym/homonym for Romanians (sg. Most estimates of the number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust range from 200,000 to 500,000, but other estimates range from 90,000 to 1.5 million. This shift of attitude in scholarly circles derived from concerns specific not only to ethnicity but also to society, gender and class. During World War II and The Holocaust, the persecution of the Romanies reached a peak during the Romani Holocaust (the Porajmos), the genocide which was perpetrated against them by Nazi Germany. History and Cultural Relations", "The Church of Norway and the Roma of Norway", "Demolita la 'bidonville' di Ponte Mammolo", "Fini: impossibile integrarsi con chi ruba", "Europe must break cycle of discrimination facing Roma", "Results of an Enquiry into the Situation of Roma und Ashkali in Kosovo (Dec.2004 to May 2005) Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: Persecuted, driven out, poisoned", "National Roma Integration Strategies: a first step in the implementation of the EU Framework", "Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1 January 2009", "For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern Problem / Czech Practice Dates to Soviet Era", "Final Statement of the Public Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial Measures", "Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to Romanians", "Italy fingerprints thousands of Gypsies", "The gypsy in my soul: Sinti and Roma in the Netherlands", Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations, "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism 6.
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