New variants will continue to emerge, and although it is important to understand the phenotypes of emerging variants in terms of infectivity, transmissibility, virulence and antigenicity, it is also important to quantify the phenotypic impacts of specific mutations present in variants, both individually and in combination with other mutations. PubMed 6. The techniques are based on analyzing whether certain DNA or RNA bases are conserved between species, and comparing their patterns of evolution over time. A credit line must be used when reproducing images; if one is not provided As of April 2021, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, accounted for more than 143 million infections and more than three million deaths worldwide1. Cell Host Microbe 29, 4457 e49 (2021). Furthermore, epitope mapping of mAbs isolated from postvaccination sera showed they targeted a range of RBD epitopes similar to those isolated from naturally infected individuals59. Greaney, A. J. et al. Cell https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.042 (2021). Google Scholar. CD, connecting domain; CT cytoplasmic tail; FP, fusion peptide; RBM, receptor-binding motif; TM, transmembrane domain. Dis. The integration of these data and emerging SARS-CoV-2 sequences has the potential to facilitate the automated detection of potential variants of concern at low frequency (that is, before they are spreading widely). Cell 183, 19011912 e1909 (2020). 2c), and residues 978984, which become more accessible on the monomer anticlockwise adjacent to the upright RBD monomer (Fig. While many of its genes were already known at that point, the full complement of protein-coding genes was unresolved. The extent to which mutations affecting the antigenic phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 will enable variants to circumvent immunity conferred by natural infection or vaccination remains to be determined. ISSN 1740-1534 (online) Spike amino acid substitutions and deletions that impact neutralizing antibodies are present at significant frequencies in the global virus population, and there is emerging evidence of variants exhibiting resistance to antibody-mediated immunity elicited by vaccines. Bioinformatics 24, 14591460 (2008). In addition, Y453F has been described as reducing neutralization by mAbs47. In addition to understanding the transmissibility and pathogenicity of these emerging variants, it is crucially important to characterize their antigenicity and the level of cross-protection provided by infection by earlier viruses that are genetically and antigenically similar to the virus that first emerged in December 2019 and which is used in all of the current vaccine preparations.
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